| 8.12.1: Metal bars are heated as shown in the animation. | 8.12.2: A spherical air bubble rises in a large pool of water as shown in the animation. | 8.12.3: Numerous small hard spheres are placed in a container as shown in the animation. |
| 8.12.4: Numerous small hard spheres representing molecules are placed in a container. Here the relative masses of the molecules are RED 80 : GREEN 20 : BLUE/BLACK 1. | 8.12.5: A mass is placed on a container filled with a gas as shown in the animation. |
| 8.12.ap 1: Two identical containers with identical particle types and numbers are placed back to back and separated by a moveable barrier as shown in the animation. Initially the barrier is in static equilibrium. | 8.12.ap 2: Numerous small hard spheres representing O2 molecules are placed in a container as shown in the animation. |